Krieg und Aufklärung

Truppen des Kardinal Richelieu in Rethem am 28. August 1757 / Bildquelle: Mittelhäußer Chronik, S. 165
Fassungslos standen Rethems Bürger vor der Hinterlassenschaft des großen Krieges: Von 121 Hausstellen lagen 55 ‚wüst‘, im Jahr 1685 waren es immer noch 40. Die Erholung der Stadt zog sich quälend langsam hin. Der Herzog von Lüneburg gestattete im Jahr 1655 daher erstmals die Reaktivierung von Markttagen, um die Wirtschaft der Stadt anzukurbeln, allerdings nur mit mäßigem Erfolg.
Als Lehre aus dem Krieg wurde die Burg mit einer ständigen Garnison belegt, während zuvor die Verteidigung in den Händen der Bürgerwehr oder ‚Hergewedde‘ gelegen hatte. Die Bürgersoldaten wandelten sich in eine Schützengilde um, die jährlich ihren ‚König‘ ermittelte, der zum Lohn von den ‚Bürgerwerken‘ befreit wurde, wie bspw. vom Hirtenlohn oder von den Kosten für die Einquartierung herzoglicher Soldaten.
Der erste dokumentarisch gesicherte Schützenfest fand im Jahr 1704 statt – und es war auch sofort umstritten. Zur „Verhütung des Vollsaufens, Balgens und Schlagens“ fiel es fortan des öfteren aus. Man sieht jedenfalls – die Einwohner Rethems waren immer schon ‚trinkfest und bierverwachsen‘. Die große Tradition des Rethemer Schützenfestes hat sich bis heute erhalten.
Eine Unterbrechung der langsamen wirtschaftlichen Erholung der Stadt war dann der ‚große Brand von 1704‘, der ausnahmsweise in keinem kriegerischen Zusammenhang steht. Einem Schmied war am 14. Oktober ein glühendes Stück Eisen in einen Korb voll Stroh gefallen. Nach zwei Stunden lagen 114 Wohnhäuser nebst 20 Scheunen und Ställen in Schutt und Asche. Rethem musste wieder einmal von vorn beginnen und es blieb, was es war: eine eher arme Stadt. Immerhin entstand in Rethem so die erste organisierte Feuerwehr.
Für böses Blut sorgte es, dass Ortsfremde den Wiederaufbau in die Hand nahmen, da Rethems Handwerkerschaft sich untereinander nicht einig war. Durch Schaden klug geworden, entstanden aus dieser Zwietracht dann die ersten erfolgreichen Zusammenschlüsse in Zünften oder Innungen. Besonders den Schuhmachern und Schneidern gelang es, die Walsroder Konkurrenz per Amtsbrief von ‚ihrem Markt‘ zu verdrängen, so dass die Bürger seither Schuhe und Kleider aus Rethem trugen – oder tragen mussten.
Währendessen hielt die ‚frühe Aufklärung‘ an nahezu allen Fürstenhöfen Einzug. Die ‚Meliorationen‘ und ‚Verbesserungen der Landwirtschaft‘ wurden im Merkantilismus fast zu einem ‚Sparren‘ der Minister und Verwalter, wobei Rethem nicht besonders gut abschnitt. Die politische Idee der Regierungen war es dabei immer, das eigene Land fiskalisch ‚gewinnbringender‘ auszugestalten. Über Rethem schrieb der Drost von Ompteda:
„Nur wenige Bürger haben eigenthümliches Land, fast alle sind also Höcker (= Höker / Kleinhändler) oder Ouvriers (= Arbeiter). Königl. Cammer, die Kirche, und fast alle Junkern, oder ihre curatores bonorum (= Verwalter) verpachten vieles Land auf den höchsten Both, und fast alle Rethemer sind meistbietende Pächter. Dieses unglückliche Mittelding von Höcker, Ouvrier und Pächter ist das Unglück, der Ruin des Ortes. Höckerei und Handwerk werden wegen dem Akkerbau vernachlässiget oder vergessen, eines hindert den andern jeder Zeit und das Ganze geräth durcheinander.“
Trübe Aussichten also dank zementierter feudaler Eigentumsverhältnisse. Viele Rethemer ‚Ackerbürger‘ fanden ersatzweise im Wegebau und bei der Allerbefestigung Arbeit. Auch das Flößen von Holz auf der Aller wurde zu einem Brotberuf, Rethem wurde zur Flößerstadt.
Damit die neue ‚Vernunft‘ Einzug halten konnte, galt es natürlich auch, das Bildungswesen zu verbessern und das Armenwesen zu reformieren. Die Region alphabetisierte sich jetzt rapide. Auf den Kanzeln wurden viele Pastoren zu den bekannten ‚einsamen Vorposten der Aufklärung auf dem Land‘, weil in den Schulen meist schlechtbezahlte Invaliden aus dem Krieg das Schulmeisteramt mit Rute und Katechismus-Pauken ausübten.
Die Soldaten kehrten erneut nach Rethem zurück. So lernten die Bürger im Siebenjährigen Krieg den Herzog von Cumberland und den Kardinal Richelieu persönlich kennen – und wieder wurde die strategische Allerbrücke zerstört. 1803 zogen dann Napoleons Truppen ein. 1810 gehörte Rethem kurzfristig zum Königreich Westfalen, auf dem anderen Allerufer begann das französische Kaiserreich, bis die Stadt 1811 ebenfalls französisch wurde, aber nur bis 1813. Pastor Overbeck schrieb über die ‚Franzosentid‘:
„Im Jahr 1811 wurde gar der Theil des Landes, zu welchem Rethem gehörte, dem Kaiserreich Napoleon einverleibt, und unser Ort als Grenzort mit Douaniers aller Art angefüllt. Dieser Zeitraum führte so manches herbey, was jedem der sein Vaterland liebte, wehe that, und Predigern überhaupt und besonders solchen, die, wie dies hier der Fall war, von französischen Behörden aller Art, auch geheimer Polizey, umgeben waren, ihr Amt höchst lästig machte, und ihr Leben verbitterte.“
Fast ist es schon unnötig zu erwähnen, dass die Allerbrücke nach dem Abzug der Franzosen erneut in Trümmern lag …
In der Revolution von 1848 taten sich Rethems Bürger durch Radikalismus nicht sonderlich hervor. Einzig ein kleiner Kieselstein flog dem Amtsvogt Wehland durchs Fenster. Rebellischer waren da schon die landhungrigen Bauern des Amtes Rethem, die sich in einer Petition an den König wandten, um u.a. endlich die ‚Aufteilung von Dominal- und Klöster-Ländereien‘ zu erreichen.
Allerdings profitierten die Rethemer dann doch von ‚liberalen Reformen‘, die nach 1848 endlich einsetzten. So wurden die Bürgerei, also die Stadt Rethem, die Junkernvorburg und die Amtsvorburg endlich zu einem einzigen Gemeinwesen zusammengefasst. Und im Jahr 1852 erhielt Rethem sogar ein eigenes Amtsgericht, dass es aber im Zuge einer Verwaltungsreform schon 1859 wieder verlor.
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